At the turn of the last century, there were a total of 3
hollow-pointed bullets available for use in handguns, the Ideal 31133 (a 115
grain HP for the .32-20), the Ideal 40090 (a 168 grain HP for the .38-40) and
the Ideal 42499 (a 195 grain HP for the .44-40). These bullets were marketed as
"express bullets" for the lever-action repeating rifles of the day and the claim
was made that they "increased the killing qualities of these rifles by 50%".
These bullets were obviously made with black powder in mind as they were
designed without a crimp groove, relying instead on a compressed caseful of
black powder to prevent the bullet from being jammed into the case under recoil
as they waited in line in the tubular magazine. Since the revolvers of the 1890s
were also chambered for these cartridges, these cast hollow-points could also be
fired in handguns (in revolvers, a crimp groove wasn't necessary as a simple
crimp over the ogive prevented the bullet from inching forward under recoil and
tying up the cylinder). The advantages of expanding bullets in handguns are
obvious to us today, so why didn't 19th century sixgunners flock to these HP
designs like hungry dogs to fresh meat? Simple, at that point the handgun was
viewed basically as a last ditch defensive tool, and at black powder velocities
the standard bullet designs served adequately.
As handgun quality improved, a number of new bullet designs
were brought forth in an effort to improve handgun performance. This was a
truly fascinating time in terms of cast bullet design! Developments like
the Himmelwright wadcutter (Ideal 429220, 1900), the beveled crimping groove for
revolver bullets (first embodied in the 98 grain RN for the .32 S&W Long, the
Ideal 313226, 1900), the gas-check (the first GC bullet suitable for use in a
handgun would be the Ideal 311316, the 115 grain GC-FP for the .32-20, 1906),
and Ed McGivern's hollow-based wadcutter (Ideal 358395, 1915) all were
introduced between 1900 and the beginning of World War I. Ideal brought out
literally hundreds of new bullet designs during the first quarter of the 20th
century. However, inspection of Ideal Handbooks #9 (1897) and #25 (1915) through
#30 (1931) reveals that not one new hollow-point design suitable for handguns
was added to the catalog; the selection was still limited to the three designs
listed in 1897. Elmer Keith was to change this around 1932 with the introduction
of the Ideal 358439, a 160 grain hollow-point version of the Keith SWC (Ideal
358429) for the .38/44 Heavy Duty. In the mid-1930s, he followed this with
hollow-point versions of his landmark semi-wadcutters, the Ideal 429421 and
454424. These three bullets were the first cast hollow-point bullets created
specifically for handguns. Later, in the mid-1950s, Ray Thompson put his touch
on this concept by drawing up a similar series of cast HP's adorned with
gas-checks (Lyman-Ideal 358156 HP, 429215 HP, 429244 HP and 452490 HP). The
Keith and Thompson hollow-points are among the best revolver hunting bullets
ever designed -- the 358439, 358156 HP, and 429215 HP for vermin, and the 429421
HP, 454424 HP, 429244 HP and 452490 HP for medium game.
Handgun hunting began to grow in popularity in the 1950s, especially
with the introduction of the .44 Magnum, but it took a while for the factories
to figure out how to mate dissimilar metals to make a JHP that would reliably
deliver the superb performance of the Keith and Thompson HP's. In the early
1960s, a surge in popularity of handgun hunting led to several new developments
like the Ruger Hawkeye and the Remington XP-100, as well as several new hunting
oriented cartridges, like the .22 Jet, .221 Fireball, the .256 Winchester and
.41 Mangum. Rock-n-roll (or at least muzzle blast) was here to stay.
In 1966 the Thompson-Center Contender was introduced, chambered in
such mild-mannered cartridges as the .22 Long Rifle and the .38 Special. Later,
experimentation revealed that this versatile break-action single-shot was
capable of handling considerably more powerful cartridges, and the race was on
to see who could squeeze the most power out of the Contender platform with both
factory and wildcat cartridges. Some of these experiments went too far,
resulting in stretched frames and/or torn under-lugs. As a result, a pretty solid
understanding took shape as to what the Contender would (and would not) handle
and still provide a long, healthy service life. A series of Contender-based
wildcat cartridges (most notably the JDJ's and the TCU's) were developed that
provided excellent performance in the hunting fields. However, to achieve this
success, it was necessary to pair these cartridges with jacketed bullets that
were soft enough to expand reliably at the reduced velocities of these wildcats
from Contender length barrels (typically 2000-2400 fps). In some calibers (e.g.
6.5 mm) this was readily done, in others (e.g. 7 mm) it was more problematic due
to the prevalence of hard bullets, designed for belted magnum velocities. In
general, the mindset surrounding much of the wildcat development for the
Contender seems to have been "What can we do to squeeze the most possible
velocity out of the gun so we can make jacketed rifle bullets expand?". I'm not
criticizing this mindset (my high-performance SSK T/C barrels are among the most
reliable and cherished hunting tools that I own), but this is not the only way
to get reliable bullet expansion from the Contender. Certainly, there have been
exceptions to this wildcatting strategy (e.g. the .338 Woodswalker), but these
efforts took specific jacketed bullets that were known performers at moderate
velocity (in this case the 200 grain Hornady FP) and then delivered them at that
velocity. It is simply a question of balancing bullet construction with impact
velocity. An alternative strategy -- instead of trying to force the
cartridge/gun combination to live up to the velocities needed to drive jacketed
bullet expansion, we can attain the same level of bullet expansion by making
softer expanding bullets that expand reliably at the moderate velocity levels of
the 10" Contender. This article is intended to provide an overview of how
reliable expansion can be provided at velocities where jacketed rifle bullets
simply do not expand. Like the Keith and Thompson hollow-point that went before
them, this level of Contender performance is provided by the cast hollow-point.
The beauty of this approach is that because the cast HP will expand reliably at
modest velocities, one can resort to a heavier bullet than would be used in
jacketed form, resulting in both controlled expansion and deep
penetration. An added benefit is the tendency of cast HP's to expand down to the
bottom of their cavity and then have the petals shear off, leaving a solid
"wadcutter" to penetrate through the off-side, much like the highly respected
Nosler Partition.
There are a number of rounds that the Contender has been chambered for
over the years that operate in the velocity range where jacketed rifle bullets
generally fail to expand (i.e. 1300-1800 fps). While these rounds garnered a
following in competition (e.g. the .30-30 in silhouette, the .270 Ren in NRA
silhouette, etc.), poor bullet expansion in the hunting fields led handgun
hunters to turn to other cartridges. For the investment of a single hollow-point
mould, these "competition only" T/C's can be transformed into excellent hunting
weapons. Other T/C chamberings that are already "hunt-worthy" can have their
versatility extended considerably through the use of cast hollow-point bullets.
In addition, some old cartridges for which expanding ammo is simply not
available can be given new life when loaded with a suitable cast hollow point.
Let's look at some examples of each.
|
Figure 1. The .270 Ren and the 139
grain Ideal 280412 HP, a fine combination for fur-bearers. |
|
.270 Ren. .270 Jacketed bullets were designed for
muzzle velocities of 3000 fps, and don't expand at all at .270 Ren velocities
(1400-1600 fps). As a result, these jacketed spitzers behave pretty much like a
FMJ spitzer, and they just don't have the diameter or velocity to carry much
"thump" from this little gun. However, an expanding 100+ grain .270 bullet at
these velocities makes a dandy varmint round. The Ideal 280412 HP drops from the
mould at 135 grains (139 checked and lubed) when cast of WW alloy sweetened with
2% tin. 9.0 grains of H-110 motivates this bullet to 1425 fps from a 10"
Contender. Expansion of this load is positive, and accuracy is superb. In my
gun, this load shoots well above the iron sights, requiring the use of a scope
to get point of aim and point of impact to jive, but groups are one ragged hole
at 50 yards. This level of ballistic performance is
intermediate between the Ruger Blackhawk .30 Carbine and typical .357 Magnum
ballistics (with significantly better sectional density than either), making
this combination ideally suited to javelina-sized game, coyote and other
fur-bearers, like fox and bobcat, and perhaps even turkey (where handguns are
legal for turkey). This cast HP expands in a manner similar to the Nosler
Partition (i.e. after the front half expands, the petals break away, leaving the
wadcutter back half to punch out the other side), which should result in small
exits on the furbearers, and therefore less pelt damage. The cast HP makes a
legitimate hunter out of the .270 Ren.
|
|
Figure 2. The .30-30 Winchester loaded
with the 157 grain Lyman 311466 HP. Expansion of this bullet at 1800
fps is violent. |
|
.30-30 Winchester.
The 10" Contender chambered for the .30-30 Winchester cartridge has always been
kind of an "odd duck". When the 10" .30-30 was first introduced, standard weight
jacketed bullets (150-170 grain) didn't expand at the velocities obtainable from
this little gun (1700-1800 fps), but they were very effective at knocking over
steel silhouettes. Lighter weight varmint bullets expanded, but ballistics were
not uniform with this combination of a large case and short barrel (this is why
Steve Herrett and Bob Milek developed the .30 Herrett). Thus, the 10" .30-30 had
a brief run of popularity in silhouette circles, then faded from the limelight
as flatter-shooting, lighter recoiling cartridges and longer barrels came into
their own. It wasn't until Nosler came out with their line of fragile Ballistic
Tip bullets that the 10" .30-30 T/C really had suitable hunting bullet, but by
this time other cartridges had taken center-stage in the handgun hunting press.
The Guy Loverin designed Lyman 311466 HP weighs 157 grains after the addition of
a gas-check and lube. Loaded over 32.0 grains of H4895, this bullet leaves a 10"
Contender at 1790 fps. 5-shot groups at 50 yards run 2 1/2" (iron sights), and
expansion is violent.
These are flat-shooting, hard-hitting and accurate loads, that give the
deer-hunter all that he could ask for from a 10" .30-30. The combination
of a cast HP with an iron-sighted 10" .30-30 Contender makes for a very
portable, very practical hunting tool for deer-sized game. The "odd duck"
has grown a leaden fist.
|
Figure 3. The 6.5 TCU and the 122 grain
Ideal 266455 HP -- a fine combination for critters up to about
100-150 pounds. |
|
6.5 TCU. The 6.5 TCU was designed by Wes Ugalde specifically for
the Contender and silhouette competition. The chambering specifications adopted
by T/C gave the 6.5 TCU a very long throat so that heavy bullets could be seated
long, to maximize knock-down power on those heavy steel rams, 200 meters away
(chamber casts that I've made on several factory barrels have revealed that the
factory throat is almost half an inch long and commonly as much as .267" in
diameter). This over-sized throat means that short varmint weight bullets (i.e.
85 to 100 grain) have an excessive jump to reach the rifling and typically have
accuracy problems, while the 120 and 140 grain bullets (that are long enough to
be seated to reach the lands) tend to shoot very well indeed. However, the
limited case capacity provided by the blown out .223 case means that the 140
grain jacketed bullets are going too slow to expand. Therefore, as far as the
handgun hunter is concerned, the 6.5 TCU is basically a one bullet weight gun.
The 120 grain bullets are exceptionally good deer bullets (particularly the 120
Nosler BT and 120 grain Speer), and flatten deer/antelope way out of proportion
to the round's pipsqueak appearance, but unfortunately they don‘t expand worth
beans on pint-sized varmints. The 85 and 100 grain varmint bullets expand just
fine at 10" TCU velocities, but accuracy is generally so poor that hitting yon
varmint can be frustrating (3+ MOA is not unusual for the lightweight bullets).
This is where cast HP's come in -- by using an appropriate cast HP, it's
possible to have them be long enough to align/engrave properly, and you can cast
them large enough to fit the throat snugly and still be soft enough to expand on
varmint sized game. The throat on my factory 6.5 TCU barrel runs .267" and I
size all cast bullets for it to .266" (bullets sized .264" give poor accuracy).
The Ideal 266455 HP weighs 122 grains after the installation of a gas-check and
lube. When this fine bullet is loaded on top of 26.0 grains of H4895 a muzzle
velocity of 1838 fps is obtained. 5-shot groups at 50 yards run right at one
inch and expansion is excellent. Because of the fine performance of the 120
Nosler and Speer jacketed bullets on deer, I tend to think of this cast HP load
mostly for vermin (this is a favorite coyote load), but it might also serve
nicely for smaller deer and exotics. Again, this cast HP displays expansion
behavior similar to the highly regarded Nosler Partitions, which makes it
particularly useful as a hunting bullet.
|
Figure 4. The .357 Hartley loaded with
the 288 grain Lyman 358009 HP. This load delivers 1460 fps from a
10" Contender; expansion is positive. |
|
.357 Hartley.
Conceptually, the .357 Hartley can be thought of as
more or less a .35/.30-30 "Improved" (the shoulder has been moved forward
somewhat in this wildcat). It is an excellent cast bullet round, and is
well-served by a wide variety of cast bullet designs (my 10" .357 Hartley is
particularly fond of the 250 grain LBT LFN at 1400-1500 fps). Being based on the
.30-30 case, this wildcat faces the same challenges as the .30-30 when housed in
a 10" Contender -- jacketed bullets that are light enough to expand may deliver
less than desirable uniformity due to the combination of large case capacity and
short barrel, and those jacketed bullets that are heavy enough to compress the
P-T curve and give good accuracy from the short barrel are going too slow to
expand (again, this is why Steve Herrett and Bob Milek developed the shorter
.357 Herrett). The Lyman 358009 HP weighs 288 grains (checked and lubed) when
cast with WW alloy sweetened with 2% tin. When launched with 32.0 grains of
H4895 this blunt behemoth achieves 1460 fps and delivers positive expansion, and
excellent accuracy (5 shots into an inch and a half at 50 yards with iron
sights). This is basically .44 Magnum performance, with a holiday helping of
sectional density, and not only expands well, but should also penetrate nicely
(I haven't shot anything with this one yet). In short, it promises to be
excellent 100 yard thumper for deer, black bear, elk sized critters in heavy
timber.
Old-Timers
Shooters have a tendency to be historically minded. One manifestation
of this is the practice of exploiting the easy "wildcat-ability" of the
Contender to rejuvenate old low-pressure black-powder cartridges from the 1870s
and 1880s (e.g. 40-82 Winchester, .50-70 Government). While the full-length
Sharps cartridges would make an odd bed-fellow for a 10" Contender, the somewhat
smaller .40-50 Sharps Straight is right at home in this portable platform.
|
Figure 5. The .40-50 Sharps Straight
loaded with a 214 grain Winchester HP. An old-fashioned deer
cartridge, loaded with style! |
|
.40-50 Sharps Straight.
The purpose of this exercise was not to
see how much velocity could be squeezed out of some poor, helpless, 120 year-old
geezer of a cartridge, but rather to rejuvenate the old Sharps round and
reproduce its black-powder ballistics (265 grain lead bullet at 1360 fps) from a
10" Contender. This is easily done, and at moderate pressures. A variety of .40
caliber cast bullets weighing between 200 and 330 grains have been tested and
shoot just fine in this little gun, and while they make legitimate hunting loads
in their own right, I was also looking for an expanding bullet for deer-sized
game. A vintage Winchester HP mould for the .40-65 was obtained to scratch this
particular itch. This mould had been modified by milling off the top of the
mould blocks to remove the base band on the bullet; it drops a plain-based
bullet weighing 214 grains when cast of 20-to-1 alloy. When loaded with 35.0
grains of 3031 this bullet leaves the 10" .40-50 Sharps Straight Contender at a
little over 1400 fps. Accuracy is good and expansion is positive. This is a very
fun gun to hunt deer with (you should see some of the looks I get from other
hunters when they ask me what I'm hunting with!). For those of you thinking that
this is basically a .41 Magnum with 1880s panache, you get a gold star.
Lyman doesn't make very many HP moulds anymore (only
the Gould .45-70 bullet, #457122, and the Devastator handgun line of HPs are cataloged at this
point). However, Lyman/Ideal HP moulds show up on the used market regularly and
can be found at gun-shows and online. In order to cast high quality HPs, turn up
the pot temperature and cast fast. Keep that HP pin hot! In general, you should
keep the antimony content of your alloy below 4% (to minimize brittleness) and
make sure to include at least 2% tin (for improved "castability"). It's an easy
matter to vary the hardness of your alloy to tailor the expansion of your cast
HP's to your exact wants and needs (20-to-1 for the soft stuff at lower
velocities, and "sweetened" WW alloy for the harder bullets at higher velocities
are good places to start).
For best accuracy, size the cast HP to be a snug fit in the throat of
your barrel (and remember that T/C throats tend to be somewhat oversized). As a
result, a little thumb-pressure may be needed to chamber these rounds. Also, for
those who aren't used to loading cast bullets in bottlenecked cases, make sure
you flare the cases (just as you would typical handgun loads) to avoid damaging
the bullet’s base during seating. The bullet should slide into the case as
though greased (it is after all). If you feel unusual resistance, or the
stepwise stop-n-go entrance of the driving bands, then you’re probably damaging
the bullet during the seating operation and need to open up the case mouth a
little more. I made a universal flaring die (from a surplus 9mm expansion die)
for this operation for all my cast bullet shooting, and it works quite nicely. A
gentle flare is all that's needed.
|
Figure 6. Home-modified universal flaring die |
It's not necessary to red-line the loads to get reliable bullet
expansion out of the Contender. It's simply a question of balancing the bullet
construction to the velocity. The cast hollow-point bullet allows the Contender
shooter to get reliable bullet expansion in a velocity range where jacketed
rifle bullets typically fail to expand, thereby allowing the handgun hunter to
enjoy the hunt with guns that might otherwise get left at home.
|